Infertility
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. It affects an estimated 1 in 8 couples in the United States.
The causes of infertility can involve both men and women. Common causes in women include:
- Irregular ovulation or no ovulation at all
- Blocked fallopian tubes
- Endometriosis
- Poor egg quality
- Structural problems in the uterus or cervix
Common causes in men include:
- Low sperm count
- Poor sperm motility
- Abnormal sperm shape and size
- Varicocele
- Health conditions
There are two main types of infertility:
- Primary infertility refers to couples who have never been able to conceive
- Secondary infertility refers to couples who have conceived in the past but are now unable to
Diagnosing infertility usually begins with a medical history and physical exam. Further testing may include:
- Ovulation testing
- Hysterosalpingography (HSG test)
- Semen analysis
- Blood tests
- Imaging tests
If no underlying medical issue is found, the infertility is labeled as unexplained infertility.
Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include:
- Fertility drugs to induce ovulation
- Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
- Surgery to repair reproductive structures
- Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) like IVF
The inability to have children can be emotionally painful. Seeking professional medical care and support groups can help couples cope throughout diagnosis and treatment.
While infertility itself is not preventable, certain STDs, lifestyle factors, and medical conditions that cause infertility may be avoided. Women are born with all the eggs they will ever have, so focusing on reproductive health at a younger age is important.